Leonardo da Vinci :: Essays Papers

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was conceived on April 15, 1452, close to the town of Vinci. His creative ability uncovered itself ahead of schedule, for he was apprenticed in 1469 to a main Renaissance ace. In the Florence workshop, where he stayed until 1476, Leonardo obtained an assortment of abilities. He entered the painters organization in 1472, and his soonest works date from this time. Works, for example, the Madonna with the carnation which in spite of the fact that are customary, incorporate detail, for example, twisting hair which no one but Leonardo could have done. In 1478 he was approached to paint a raised area piece for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. After three years he painted the Adoration of the Magi for the religious community of San Donato a Scopeto. It is the most significant of all his initial works of art. In it, Leonardo appears just because his technique for sorting out considers along with a pyramid shape, so intrigue is centered around the chief subject. This venture was hindered when Leonardo left Florence for Milan around 1482. Leonardo worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for about 18 years. In spite of the fact that he was as yet a craftsman, painting pictures, he started to get intrigued by the specialist and logical field. Be that as it may, these interests didn't prevent him from finishing his most well known work, The last dinner. In 1499 Leonardo left Milan to secure another position. For around four years, he changed from occupation to work. He came back to Florence in 1503, and endeavored a few critical aesthetic tasks, including the Battle of Anghiari wall painting for the board office of the Town Hall, the representation of Mona Lisa, and the lost Leda and the Swan. Around this time he started to turn out to be increasingly associated with life structures and played out certain analyzations. Leonardo came back to Milan in June 1506. He was called to work for the new French government. He stayed in Milan for a long time. The aesthetic task on which he centered as of now was the equestrian landmark to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, which was additionally never finished. Around this time he turned out to be so associated with science that his specialty turned into an impression of it. Leonardo da Vinci :: Essays Papers Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was conceived on April 15, 1452, close to the town of Vinci. His imaginative ability uncovered itself ahead of schedule, for he was apprenticed in 1469 to a main Renaissance ace. In the Florence workshop, where he stayed until 1476, Leonardo obtained an assortment of aptitudes. He entered the painters society in 1472, and his most punctual works date from this time. Works, for example, the Madonna with the carnation which in spite of the fact that are conventional, incorporate detail, for example, twisting hair which no one but Leonardo could have done. In 1478 he was approached to paint a special raised area piece for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. After three years he painted the Adoration of the Magi for the religious community of San Donato a Scopeto. It is the most significant of all his initial canvases. In it, Leonardo appears just because his technique for sorting out considers along with a pyramid shape, so intrigue is centered around the chief subject. This undertaking was hindered when Leonardo left Florence for Milan around 1482. Leonardo worked for Duke Lodovico Sforza in Milan for almost 18 years. Despite the fact that he was as yet a craftsman, painting representations, he started to get keen on the technician and logical field. In any case, these interests didn't prevent him from finishing his most well known work, The last dinner. In 1499 Leonardo left Milan to secure another position. For around four years, he changed from occupation to work. He came back to Florence in 1503, and endeavored a few huge masterful tasks, including the Battle of Anghiari painting for the gathering office of the Town Hall, the picture of Mona Lisa, and the lost Leda and the Swan. Around this time he started to turn out to be increasingly engaged with life systems and played out certain analyzations. Leonardo came back to Milan in June 1506. He was called to work for the new French government. He stayed in Milan for a long time. The creative undertaking on which he centered as of now was the equestrian landmark to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, which was additionally never finished. Around this time he turned out to be so associated with science that his specialty turned into an impression of it.

Management – Swot Analysis (on Maker Studios of Youtube)

The Assignment (Question) Management worldview today is about the possibility or situational approach dependent on the consistently changing business condition. Associations are continually influenced by the outer condition and should adjust or impact nature so as to be productive and viable. Pick any worldwide or neighborhood MNC or SME. Make a SWOT investigation of this association and clarify how it is influenced by the outer condition. Compose on how this association can use the 4 elements of the board with the end goal for it to be proficient and viable. Incorporate end and recommendations.You must utilize terms found inside the investigation of the executives and are urged to look into different course books and diaries to discover these terms and to increase extra information on the executives through investigation. Presentation of the organization If you were to be comfortable with the elements of Youtube and have been riding the site for a long time, you may have known about the organization named â€Å"Maker Studios† a lot. This organization comprises of major Youtube big names like ShayCarl, LisaNova, KassemG, iJustine and even the top bought in Youtube content producer, RayWilliamJohnson.To the crowd who utilizes Youtube for different capacities, for example, â€Å"how-to† recordings or music recordings of their preferred stars, they may ponder, what does this organization really do? Then again, to individuals who have demonstrated a lot of enthusiasm into murdering standard TV programs with web through Youtube would comprehend the significant elements of Maker Studios. Producer Studios explicitly is skilled in making recordings of the two broadly acknowledged classifications: Comedy and Music. They make shooting sets, music studios, green screen territories and even an altering office for their workers in Venice, California and the forthcoming New York City branch.As cited from their site, it was referenced that they get 70 million en dorsers and 650 million month to month sees across in excess of 400 channels (Cited: http://www. makerstudios. com/about/) and along these lines is one of the Youtube Partner Channels in the Internet Media Business in the States aside Vevo, the top association channel with more than 59, 709 thousand exceptional perspectives in the year 2011 subsequent to creating more than 844 million recordings in the webpage itself as indicated by Will Richmond on the 22nd of August 2011 on videonuze. com. (Refered to: http://videonuze. com/article/comscore-vevo-is-top-youtube-accomplice channel-by a wide margin) SWOT Analysis of the organization |Analysis | |Strength |The qualities of Maker Studios is with the end goal that they assemble all the abilities all through the web media and help them | |make their recordings and discover sponsorships and viewership for their manifestations accordingly permitting individuals to satisfy their | |dreams yet not stressing over creation a living. As cited f rom one of their speculations portfolio in | |greycroftpartners. om, â€Å"the organization has formed special bits of knowledge into what sort of substance works best with YouTube | |audiences and how to cross-advance and move crowds around its network† (refered to: | |http://www. greycroftpartners. com/2011/04/creator studios/), it in this manner upheld the effectiveness in finding the | |constantly moving patterns of the web and knowledge in recruiting gifts into the organization in its confounded | |business segment which endeavors to produce profound association with crowds everywhere throughout the globe. Refered to: | |http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/records/producer studios-280389) | |Weakness |An apparent shortcoming of the organization is to such an extent that they have constrained branches (Venice and up and coming New York) coming to out| | |to the substance makers online hence just ready to work with individuals in specific zones of the States. Another is tha t | |there may be a high chance of the contenders of this web business making up for lost time with the advancements that the| | |company could have been roducing as â€Å"there won't be any extraordinary programming changes †this is about | |expanding on existing success,† as cited from previous Disney’s Digital Division’s Executive †presently Chief Programming | |Officer of Maker, Chris Williams on assortment. com. (Refered to: http://www. assortment. com/article/VR1118052288) | |Opportunities |The web network is getting bigger step by step and having Hollywood grabbing their attention on the industry’s | |productions every so often is additionally making more viewership for the crowds everywhere throughout the world.For model, there | |are artistes searching for help from the Maker creations for causes which they plan to help and in this manner film recordings like| | |Jane Lynch (mainstream from Glee arrangement) and Steven Tyler in ShayCarl ’s video in endeavor to â€Å"Save The Arts! † (refered to: | |http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=IKzUZ7KvAnI=UU77WzpPRrYr0W5oeFjVIqwQ=1=plcp) or in any event, being on the | |news like ShayCarl’s fourth kid, most normally called â€Å"Rocktard†, who demonstrated looked in a video did (refered to: | |http://www. outube. com/watch? v=AyXsZJwzIrQ ), are chances to development of the company’s organize in making | |bonds with the web network through holding being used of remarks or video reactions or even basically joining the | |company’s powers in utilizing their abilities hence making chances for themselves as well as the company’s in | |developing separated substance through new, customized and improved thoughts that occasionally the TV isn’t | |capable in accommodating the crowds desires. |Threats of the organization comprises of other significant contenders, for example, VEVO (which creates content from celebrated | |celebrit ies or performers) and advances them on Youtube through primary pages or commanded the rights towards utilization of the| | |contents, for example, music or even bits of the film.As well, the media is presently as yet rivaling the | |traditional media, for example, TV and despite the fact that they are presumably even in front of them in the diversion division | |but is thrashed (by individuals who didn't know about the realities and start digital harassing the Youtubers’ content) due to | |mere notoriety and affirmation of the general public like LisaNova’s pantomime of Sarah Palin. It was referenced on | |nytimes. om that â€Å"She transferred her Palin video over seven days before Tina Feyâ did her pantomime on ‘Saturday | |Night Live’. † And that her reaction towards which was that â€Å"trying to jump on TV would be going in reverse in my brain. | |It’s an exercise in futility. † | |(Cited: http://www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/b usiness/media/11youtube. html? agewanted=all) | A Macro-Environmental Analysis o Law and Politics Law and governmental issues with the Maker Studios isn't a piece of any issue that the organization could be confronting now as the organization fired up in 2006, they customize their administrations to the makers and help them through their particular income after creation. Too, they recruit to deliver their substance (music, computerized, recording and so forth) in recordings subsequently not qualified for copyright law spanning. o Economy On allthingsd. om it was said that, straightforwardness towards their profit is through and ready to be checked by their accomplices consequently they would be solid to the ventures of the cash in their organization just as being straightforward to their representatives in the capacities and prosperity of the association. (Refered to: http://allthingsd. com/20120309/precisely what amount did-that-skateboarding-hound win/) As this is a web business, the organization will be influenced if the economy bombs as far as individuals having the option to make the most of their creations or not consequently gaining them money.However, with this current upscale of the web board of trustees, the organization is in safe hands through the headway period. o Technology is pivotal to the business. As it is one of the elements to which whether the crowds tune in as a result of the designs, the nature of sound and the altering of the recordings to the tricks in a film, the polished methodology of sets, Maker’s standard of creations as referenced by nytimes. om was that â€Å"the green screen, film group, on-screen characters and costly cameras and lights, it went a long ways past the normal one-man YouTube recordings shot in a storm cellar with a webcam† consequently, indeed, supporting their consistent catch up with innovation to suit the requirements of their mass of gifts who are anxious to satisfy their crowd with incredible p rinciples of film. (Refered to: http://www. nytimes. com/2011/04/11/business/media/11youtube. html? pagewanted=all ) o DemographicsAs the web is more than normal among individuals of practically all ages, Youtube contains an especially a wide measure of crowd to catch and Maker figured out how to control these distinctions with its accumulated gifts and their capacities to seek after various groups. For instance, they have â€Å"The Mom’s View† by moms with various abilities and foundation, providing food and supporting to the huge measures of guardians in the web network; they likewise have â€Å"Polipop†, highlighting Entertainment and Politics Network which is proposed to give individuals who are intrigued a decent giggle at the political components without moving ceaselessly from their PCs. Refered to: http://www. tubefilter. com/2011/10/29/producer studios-youtube-unique channels/) o Social Issues and the Natural Environment The web network is a quick paced and ever-changing condition for the business to make due in as there are consistent evolvement of patterns, refreshes or even jokes speaking to the tremendous society is one of the steady issues that the business ought to be refreshed about. In any case, as the abilities in the organization increments from the 200 starting accomplices in August 2011 (refered to: http://www. assortment. com/article/VR1118040686? efCatId=1009), they get increasingly more effective in discovering and scattering their data just as being an impact in making patterns f

The Most Used Programming Languages In 2020 by Experts

The Most Used Programming Languages In 2020 by Experts In this blog, we are going to have a look at the most used programming languages in 2020. Here we go:- Programming Language Summary Programming LanguageTypes of Programming LanguagesLow-Level LanguageHigh-Level LanguageJavaPythonRubyJavaScriptPHPWrapping up Programming Language can be known as a set of instructions, commands as well as other syntax use along with data that is used to create a software program. At the time of implementing the program, raw data is processed into any output as you want. Some languages which are used by the programmers in writing code are known as “high-level languages.” These languages are aimed to be easily understandable. High-level languages are a kind of human language which is more complicated than the computer language, which is also known as machine language. Types of Programming Languages Programming Languages are divided into two parts, as stated below: Low-Level Language Machine LanguageAssembly Language High-Level Language Procedural-Oriented LanguageProblem-Oriented LanguageNatural Language There are some languages which are the most used programming languages in recent times Java According to the research study, Java has been considered on No. 1 or 2 most popular languages since the 90s. These are used to create desktop apps as well as backend web systems. Java is suitable for every system to work, and it is considered a very prevalent Android language.It is straightforward as well as fast to retain with fewer bugs, and old versions also run smoothly even after releasing new versions.Due to its popularity, it contains a vast community user.Average Java Developer Salary in the U.S. is $101,929 per year. Python The popularity of Python has been increasing for the last 15 years as it considered the most provocative language these days. It is straightforward to understand.It is considered to be the most popular introductory language taught on campuses.The average salary of Python Developer it $117, 503 per year. Ruby It is one of the most popular languages in tech startups. Several Unicorn valley has been built on Ruby, involving Twitter, GitHub, Twitch, and Airbnb. It is incredibly useful as well as beautiful syntax that permits a developer more to do with less coding.It is the sixth most paid language.The salary of Ruby Developer in the U.S. is $123k. JavaScript It is no. 1 in GitHub in terms of pull requests. It allows users to add new interactive effects on the Internet. It is straightforward as well as simple in use and getting famous in the startups and more tech-business.Average JavaScript Developer Salary is $109,462It was one of the most popular languages in the Stack overview Survey 2019. PHP It stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is one of the best languages of the Web. PHP allows web development, and it will enable some developers to develop some dynamic web page content. Very UnderstandableVery easy to learnFlexible or user-friendly Apart from this, here are some other most used programming languages in brief SQLRubyScalaKotlinClojureC/CPPC#PythonJavaScriptJava Wrapping up Technology has been changing year by year, and programming is also developing each year. We have stated the most used programming languages such as Java, JavaScript as well as Python, etc. the above list helps you to develop your applications in the company by choosing any suitable programming language. Some programming languages are also beneficial in generating income. So if you are interested in this field. Then you can give a chance to yourself by working in the programming language area. Moreover, we are providing you with the help of some specialists. They can assist you in learning as well as understanding programming languages. Give us a call in case of any hindrance in learning programming languages. We are offering the best programming assignment help to the students.

The Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents

Today nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can be very harmful involving the link of violence with aggressive behavior, hindering emotional and social development, the lack of exercise, health and activities, the development of temperament in young children, and sleep deprivation. How can these viewing hours per week really affect our children? Many may argue that plopping a child in front of the television helps to ease the wrath of dealing with a cranky toddler; however, research shows a great link between television consumption and violent behavioral issues. Psychologist B.J. Bushman s research has been found that when we view violent programming we store in memory, a perceptual and cognitive representation of the event. This means we can draw it up in our thoughts and also visually. His studies show that when put in a real situation that is similar to the memory we have stored, that memory is activated and the memory script becomes available to use. This especially fits with 8-year-old boys who show signs of aggression atShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents1446 Words   |  6 PagesToday, nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of chil dren and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can beRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents1446 Words   |  6 PagesToday, nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can beRead MoreMedia Effects On Children And Adolesce nts1521 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as watching television, using the computer, and talking on the phone. On the media we could learn and find out the information that we need. And we can also share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The article â€Å"Media and Risky Behaviors† by Escobar-Chaves is discussed about the media effects that cause the riskyRead MoreViolence on Television Can Have Negative Effects on Children1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeated violence on television desensitizes children to violence, and similarly incorrect portrayals of sex on television may contribute to adolescent sex. Violence, and sex on television negatively impacts todays youth, and adolescents. In fact, a main contributor to these negative effects on children are caused by parents. Some parents pay little to no attention to the ratings of television shows, or movies, or the amount of sex, and/or violence their child sees on television. Studies indicateRead MoreChildren s Influence On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisers have been marketing food to children on television since the first television broadcasts started. The effect of their marketing non-nutrient dense food to children has not had a positive result. The Federal Trade Commission’s report, Advertising to kids and the FCT: A regulatory retrospective that advises the present, reports that 50% of overweight kids become overweight adults. The report also states that 80% of obese adolescents will become overweight adults. â€Å"According to the CentersRead MoreVideo Time Is Good Or Bad For Kids1376 Words   |  6 Pagescomputer, television, or games console.† Many advocate and promote that if used properly, the prolonged use of digital media is a means for children to develop and interact more quickly in today’s age. However, some parents have been concerned that too much technology usage may in fact interfere with children’s development. While the two opposing sides have differing opinions on how screen time affects children, both sides agree on doing whatever is best for the better development of children and adolescentsRead MoreMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 Pagesexpands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negatively impact child and adolescent development because of the content displayed on movies, television, and music. Children and adolescents learn to accept and have distorted views of violence, racism, sexual stereotyping, sexualRead MoreEssay Negative Effects of Television on Children1562 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision is a big part of today’s society. Everybody watches television, including the children. There is a potential problem with letting children watch television. Ask this question, would someone let their own child watch some of the programming that they watch, too? Some of these programs are intended for the adult generation, not young children. Violence has a major role in television these days. Letting children watch this violence could corrupt their minds and eventually lead to bad behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Children s Development1067 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract As children are exposed to more and more social media with the increase of technology, it is important that parents minimize the exposure of social media to their children. There are multiple extensive ways in which social media can influence a child’s well-being and development: An influence on their social ability with others, the content of the social media, and the activities that social media replaces such as exercise. Methods that could potentially improve the risk of a child’s well-beingRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen increasing at a drastic rate. The main discussion is the increase in rates of childhood and adolescent obesity, the health impacts this can have on a child immediately and in the future, and what are the contributing factors to this increase in obese youths. A possible contributing factor is food advertisements that contain poor-nutrient food and are targeted at children. Children and adolescents are constantly exposed to various advertisements on a daily basis. Many studies have suggested that The Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents Today, nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can be very harmful involving the link of violence with aggressive behavior, hindering emotional and social development, the lack of exercise, health and activities, the development of temperament in young children, and sleep deprivation. How can these viewing hours per week really affect our children? Many may argue that plopping a child in front of the television helps to ease the wrath of dealing with a cranky toddler; however, research shows a great link between television consumption and violent behavioral issues. Psychologist B.J. Bushman s research has been found that when we view violent programming, we store in memory, a perceptual and cognitive representation of the event. This means we can draw it up in our thoughts and also visually. His studies show that when put in a real situation that is similar to the memory we have stored, that memory is activated and the memory script becomes available to use. This is especially fitting with 8-year-old boys who show signs ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents1449 Words   |  6 Pages Today nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can beRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Children And Adolescents1446 Words   |  6 PagesToday, nearly 98% of American households have televisions. This makes television the single most important source of media in the lives of children and adolescents. Research shows that about 21- 23 hours per week on average, that children between the ages of five and twelve are exposed. This brings much controversy as to how television delivers the news, media, and violence to young children and adolescents. Many argue that the viewing of television during these crucial years of development can beRead MoreMedia Effects On Children And Adolescents1 521 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as watching television, using the computer, and talking on the phone. On the media we could learn and find out the information that we need. And we can also share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The article â€Å"Media and Risky Behaviors† by Escobar-Chaves is discussed about the media effects that cause the riskyRead MoreViolence on Television Can Have Negative Effects on Children1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrepeated violence on television desensitizes children to violence, and similarly incorrect portrayals of sex on television may contribute to adolescent sex. Violence, and sex on television negatively impacts todays youth, and adolescents. In fact, a main contributor to these negative effects on children are caused by parents. Some parents pay little to no attention to the ratings of television shows, or movies, or the amount of sex, and/or violence their child sees on television. Studies indicateRead MoreChildren s Influence On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisers have been marketing food to children on television since the first television broadcasts started. The effect of their marketing non-nutrient dense food to children has not had a positive result. The Federal Trade Commission’s report, Advertising to kids and the FCT: A regulatory retrospective that advises the present, reports that 50% of overweight kids become overweight adults. The report also states that 80% of obese adolescents will become overweight adults. â€Å"According to the CentersRead MoreVideo Time Is Good Or Bad For Kids1376 Words   |  6 Pagescomputer, television, or games console.† Many advocate and promote that if used properly, the prolonged use of digital media is a means for children to develop and interact more quickly in today’s age. However, some parents have been concerned that too much technology usage may in fact interfere with children’s development. While the two opposing sides have differing opinions on how screen time affects children, both sides agree on doing whatever is best for the better development of children and adolescentsRead MoreMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 Pagesexpands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, aggression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negatively impact child and adolescent development because of the content displayed on movies, television, and music. Children and adolescents learn to accept and have distorted views of violence, racism, sexual stereotyping, sexualRead MoreEssay Negative Effects of Television on Children1562 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision is a big part of today’s society. Everybody watches television, including the children. There is a potential problem with letting children watch television. Ask this question, would someone let their own child watch some of the programming that they watch, too? Some of these programs are intended for the adult generation, not young children. Violence has a major role in television these days. Letting children watch this violence could corrupt their minds and eventually lead to bad behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Children s Development1067 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract As children are exposed to more and more social media with the increase of technology, it is important that parents minimize the exposure of social media to their children. There are multiple extensive ways in which social media can influence a child’s well-being and development: An influence on their social ability with others, the content of the social media, and the activities that social media replaces such as exercise. Methods that could potentially improve the risk of a child’s well-beingRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen increasing at a drastic rate. The main discussion is the increase in rates of childhood and adolescent obesity, the health impacts this can have on a child immediately and in the future, and what are the contributing factors to this increase in obese youths. A possible contributing factor is food advertisements that contain poor-nutrient food and are targeted at children. Children and adolescents are constantly exposed to various advertisements on a daily basis. Many studies have suggested that

The Success Of An Organization - 1853 Words

The success of an organization is highly influenced by the capabilities of the manager in charge. Managers have become the backbone of any successful company since they understand the needs of the company and can bring new ideas to upper management. Although, the manager does play a huge role in the organizations success it is also up to the organization to properly train their managers. Poor training can lead to hostile work environments as well as a lack of communication between the employees and their manager. Managers are very successful when they rely on planning,organizing,leading, and controlling the situations within an organization. Planning Planning is an essential process in any organization, since it starts building the†¦show more content†¦As Mirela wrote, â€Å"How Feedback Control Impacts the Planning Management Function† â€Å"After the managers of an organization have made their plans they have to figure out how to accomplish their goals by using the resources at their disposal† (2016 p.505). For example, a manager working at a sandwich shop should study their team as well as the flow of customers coming in and out of the restaurant. It is vital for their productivity for the manager to schedule enough employees when the shop is set to be busy and for the manager to have less employees during slow times. Planning also become useful when the manager studies other locations around them. If the manager at the sandwich shop sees other locations having specials during certain hours it might be a good idea for them to try the same. The manager needs to realize that their staff is not only compet ing with other restaurants, but they are also competing to be within a reasonable price range of those around them. Having a plan of how to approach these types of situations can really help a restaurant run more efficiently while becoming even more profitable. Organizing Once a manager has set their objectives and begun their planning process, they can begin to organize their ideas and goals. Organizing is such an important step in good management since it helps managers fully understand the capabilities of their employees’. Having a good grasp of which employee would be best at a specific task can save a lot of time andShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of An Organization1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe success of any organization can typically assessed by the financial figures that estimate the expense and income generated yearly. Most analysts place a tremendous importance on Earnings generated by a business. It is usually the earnings that motivate the value of stocks. Managers are therefore constantly under relentless demand to keep the profits rising to keep stockholders content and avoid takeover attempts. Cost is, therefore, a significant interest as top-level directors, who are regularlyRead MoreThe Success Of An Organization994 Words   |  4 PagesThe success of an organization is driven by the employees. Leaders have to be able to deliver their vision and work with their teams to achieve those goals. It has been proven that teams deliver better results than individual employees, therefore, leaders must work with their teams to ensure that they develop properly and mature over time. To make sure a team develops properly, leaders must follow the stages of team development which are: forming, storming, norming, and performing (Abudi, 2010).Read MoreThe Success Of An Organization1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe success of an organization depends greatly on effective roles of management. Vital roles of management include effective planning, expert organization, exceptional leadership and the ability to control and maintain an efficient productive environment. Mangers must be conscious of the organizations culture due to constant changes in the external, internal and global environments in which they serve. A manager’s ability to effectively carryout essential managerial tasks depends heavily on an organization’sRead MoreThe Success Of An Organization1646 Words   |  7 Pages The success of an organisation includes the use of unique strategies and effective decision-making to promote the business effectively which increased the growth of the company to the industry and economy. Through competition, companies have gained advantages to outgrow their product by using strategic plans and critical decision-making which leads to attracting as many consumers as possible than their competitors. Organisations compute the success of the company in unique ways and varies from differentRead MoreThe Success Of A Healthcare Organization835 Words   |  4 PagesThe success of a healthcare organization is governed by the many qualities and attributes its leaders possess when overseeing patient care. Such care, whether executed at the micro, meso, or macro level, can be beneficial to an organization or result in the failure when change is inappropriately addressed. Leaders, by using their knowledge and expertise, must promote care throughout all the numerous levels of ma nagement that is a replication of bureaucratic thoughts and principles or one that isRead MoreOrganizational Success : An Organization963 Words   |  4 Pageshas been institutionalized in today’s society regarding organizational success. For a company to excel, it must strive to grow at all cost. In the short run this is applicable, however in the long run the concept of growth can lead to a decline. 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Organizational life is explored in the form of different metaphors and these metaphors would further explain how management can see, understand and manage organizations in a moreRead MoreThe Behavior And Success Of An Organization2140 Words   |  9 PagesThe behavior and success of an organization is fluid and requires looking at its characteristics in a variety of ways. Managers and leaders must be flexible and willing to adjust and change as situations and environment change. Bolman and Deal (2008) have identified four frames that an organization’s leaders can use to strategize in taking the organization from one level to the next, while still remaining true to its employees, mission and values. 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Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools Free Essays

The subject on individual sex schools has drawn broad and different sentiments in the public sphere for a long clip. Persons, groups, establishments and governments have so far presented different ideas sing the subject. By definition, the phrase, â€Å"single sex school† means a signifier of a school where by male childs and misss attend different schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now To be precise, individual schools implies, misss go toing a school that is specifically for misss while male childs go toing a schools that is specifically for male childs. Therefore, individual school unlike the conventional or instead traditional schools ( assorted schools ) is an political orientation that even though has been in existed for a long clip, some people in the community feels it is a good thought that need to be embraced. Meanwhile, there are some people excessively who feel that misss and male childs should larn together in the same school as it will assist them develop together as one. Regardless of the many ideas that have been presented opposing the position, individual sex schools when implemented, they are good for instruction. One of the grounds why individual sex schools are good for instruction is that ; they create a feeling of safety, encourages pupils to encompass their life style every bit good as detering any signifier of distraction in the class of prosecuting their dreams through instruction. There are a figure of pupils whose instruction has been affected due deficiency of concentration in category. This is because some pupils find it so difficult to concentrate when they are in a conventional category. This is a job that is really common with male childs as opposed to misss. Boys tend to lose focal point in a category of assorted gender because they will be seeking to move different in order to pull their female category couples. Worse still, it is truly difficult for male childs to concentrate on larning while there are a watercourse of cunning ladies to look up to in the same category. However, it is of import to observe besides that, this job does non impact all male childs but so the per cen tum of male childs who get distracted from larning because of beautiful misss in category is higher as opposed to the per centum that does non acquire affected ( The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools, n.p ) . Meanwhile, there are a figure of misss who get affected excessively when in a conventional school. This arises on affairs refering safety. Psychologically, immature misss fear being touched physically. This creates fear among them and as such they are non in a place of set abouting their surveies in a normal manner. On the other manus, female pupils will experience free and safe if they are enrolled in a female school where by they are meeting fellow misss. This creates assurance and therefore s encouragements their academic public presentation, a clear indicant that same sex schools are good for instruction. On top of that, it is besides factual that both male childs and misss develop different in the procedure of turning up. This is apparent given the fact that, misss dev elop quicker every bit compared to boys. Furthermore, the believing capacity of ladies grows exponential faster as opposed to that of male childs. This indicates that the demands of misss are to some extent different from that of male childs. Therefore, there is demand to promote individual sex schools that will assist misss and male childs understand the demands of their bodies’ good which finally can be translated to good public presentation ( Single-Gender Classes, n.p ) . Harmonizing to Gilbert ( par. 5 and 6 ) , the instruction system has been stormed by females as opposed to males. Gilbert presents his determination that, the figure of female decision makers in most schools is higher as compared to males in many schools. He besides states that, the figure of female instructors in assorted schools is higher than those of male instructors. Gilbert besides observes that, female pupils have the ability to detect their emotions good as opposed to pupils. On top of that misss are besides known to be better readers as opposed to male childs. Worse still, the current instruction system tend to stress more on cooperation. This leaves male childs stranded in their surveies, because they prefer more physical actions and competition. In fact, Gilbert asserts that, this type of system favours misss who excel while the public presentation of male childs keep on deteriorating. In his decision, Gilbert therefore argues that, assorted schools merely favours misss as opposed to male childs. In his justification, he asserts that, coeducational schools affects male childs in that they lose attending in acquisition, every bit good as stoping up enduring from developmental upsets. Therefore, Gilbert suggests that, the best manner to advance equality in instruction for both male childs and misss is to follow scorch sex schools given that coeducational schools tend to prefer misss as opposed to male childs. Another position as to why individual sex schools are good for instruction as opposed to coeducational schools is from the point of instructors. Given that the behaviour and demands of both male childs and misss are different, teachers’ public presentation is besides affected in the procedure of bringing in category. This sis because, there is no uniformity in footings of nearing different issues in the same category. As such, a instructor must handle a boy different every bit good as a miss in a alone manner excessively. This affects teachers’ preciseness. However, encompassing scorch sex schools, instructors will be able to associate their instructions methodological analysis to the behaviour of their pupils and therefore good for instruction ( The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools, n.p ) . Meanwhile, an environment plays a great function in pupil public presentation. A favourable acquisition environment contributes to high public presentation of pupils as opposed to an unfavourable environment. A relaxed environment is good for a acquisition set up as opposed to a helter-skelter environment. This works for both male childs and misss. However, one thing that need to be clear is that in coeducational schools, male childs and misss try every bit much as possible to affect one another. In so making they feel fixed in that they are supposed to move in a mode that attracts one another. In the procedure, a miss or a male child may fear inquiring a inquiry because she/he may believe it will non affect their opposite sex opposite numbers. This affects the pupils in showing themselves openly and if continues for a long clip, it becomes a wont that can non and will ne’er be erased. Actually it becomes portion of their life and accompanies them in the remainder of their unrecorded. In comparing to individual sex schools, pupils have cipher to affect and as such, they fear less in inquiring inquiries, that is an of import component in larning. Fu rthermore, the ability to prosecute with others without experiencing intimidated by the gender of the opposite sex flicker arguments and conversation that enhances instruction in a positive mode ( Kennedy, n.p ) . Indeed, instruction is one of import gift to both male childs and misss. It is through instruction that male childs and misss can be able to accomplish their assorted dreams in life. Therefore, there is demand to accommodate a theoretical account that works for both of them. Over clip, there has been a argument as to whether individual sex schools improve pupil public presentation. This argument has drawn a batch of positions from the pupils themselves, parents/guardians, instructors, human support groups every bit good as the legal authorization. Even though there are opposing positions refering the encouragement of individual sex schools on the premiss that ; they tend to divide misss and male childs doing them fear one another and therefore taking to isolation every bit good as lending to high degree of divorce in the long tally, individual sex schools are good for instruction for assorted ground. One of them is that they encourage a feeling of safety, promotes a feeling of safety every bit good as avoiding any signifier of distractions. Another ground is the fact that boys and misss develop otherwise every bit good the undeniable truth that schools are stormed by females as opposed to males, which makes male childs uncomfortable. On top of that, instructors are besides more productive in individual sex schools as opposed to coeducational schools due to uniformity. Furthermore, individual sex schools enables pupils to prosecute in arguments and conversation without any signifier of gender based bullying. Plants Cited Gilbert, Michael. â€Å" Single-sex Schools Help Children Thrive. †The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. Web. 4 May 2015. Kennedy, Robert. â€Å" What Are the Advantages of Single Sex Education? † Web. 4 May 2015. â€Å" Single-Gender Classs: Are They Better? †Education World:. Web. 4 May 2015. â€Å" The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools. †CRC Health Group. Web. 4 May 2015. How to cite Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools, Essay examples

Marijuana Originated In The Middle East (Taiwan, Korea). China Essays

Marijuana originated in the middle east (Taiwan, Korea). China plays an important part in Marijuana's history. Hoatho, the first chinese physician to use Cannabis for medical purposes as a painkiller and anesthetic for surgery. In the Ninth Century B.C., it was used as an incense by the Assyrians Herbal, a Chinese book of medicine from the second Century B.C., was first to describe it in print. It was used as an anesthetic 5,000 years ago in ancient china. Many (*) ancient cultures such as the persians, Greeks, East Indians, Romans, and the Assyrians for many things. These were what they used it for: the control of muscle spasms, reduction of pain, and for indegestion. Imagine that if they still practiced this, instead of taking an Alka Seltzer after you had mom's Chili or Tacos, you might be sitting in the living room on the LAY-Z Boy, smoking a joint or however they would take it. The folk medicine of Africa and Asia have used it as an herbal preparation. A "mythical" and "legendary" pharmacist and emperor Shen Nung thought using it as a seditive was all right. In 2,700 B.C. that same "mythical" emperor said it helped female weakness, gout, rheumatism, malaria, beri-beri (?), contipation, and absentmindedness. In 1979 (A.D.) Carlton E. Turner visited China and found marijuana was not in use in formal medical places. J. D. P. Graham of the Welsh National School of Medicine wrote, "One not need take to seriously the anecdotal use of it's use for many purposes in China or by the Hindus in the pre-Christian Millennia ...and by the Arabs!" In 1890 in England's "Lancet" said cannabis extract was good for neuralgia, fits, migraine and psychosomatic disorders but not for rheumatic conditions. It is not easy to tell the dosage because of the variations in potency and the irregularity in absorbtion. The time delay before the onset of the possible effects of marijuana lowered it's popularity as a medicine as did the introduction of a variety of new and better medicines like aspirin, morpheine (habit forming), chloral, barbituates tranquilizers, and when it got on the list of drugs thought by the world community to require legal restrictions. Our first President, George Washington, grew cannabis on his plantation. The cannabis he grew was more fibrous and is better known as hemp. Hemp was used to make rope, twine, paper and canvas (the word"canvas" comes from Cannabis) and was an important crop in the american colonies. In Jamestown, Virginia it was grown for it's fiber qualities in 1611. (Snyder, 1985) The U.S. Pharmacopeia had it listed as a useful medicine from the year 1870 to 1941. A Pharmacopeia is "a book of directions and requirements for the preparations of medicines, generally published by an authority; a collection or stock of drugs." This tells us the U.S. Pharmacopeia was an authority on the use of drugs for medical purposes, and said that the use of marijuana for said purposes was helpful. The U.S. Pharmacopeia last listed cannabis ("the dried flower tops of the pistillate plants of cannabis sativa") in 1936.(Lovinge,1985,p434) That years epitome of the pharmacopeia and the national formula described the drug for physicians thus:"a narcotic poison, producing a mild delirium. Used in sedative mixtures but of doubtful value. Also employed to color corn remedies." The next pharmacopeia released in 1942 (I gather they were relaesed every six years) did not have cannabis sativa in it. "The 1937 U.S. dispensatory said:"Cannabis is used in medicine to relieve pain, encourage sleep, and to soothe restlessness. We have very little definite knowledge of the effects of therapeutic quantities, but in some persons it appears to produce a euphoria and will often relieve migrainic headaches. One of the great hindrances to the wider use of this drug is the great variability and the potency of different samples of Cannabis which renders it impossible to approximate the proper dose of any individual smaple except by clinical trial. Because of occasional unpleasant symptoms from unusually potent preparations, physicians have generally been overcaustious in the quantities administered. The only way of determining the dose of an individual preparation is to give it in ascending quantities until some effect is produced. (The Book suggested using a fluid extract - powdered cannabis in solution, 4/5 alcohol - three times a day, starting with two or three minims.)"(Lovinge,1985,p434) Extracts, tinctures, and herbal packages of cannabis manufactured by many drug companies, was available in any pharmacy until 1941 when "The two main professional directories of drugs in the United States" dropped it.(Snnyder 1985,p38) It is still used as a medicine in the Middle East and Asia,

80s Fashion Essay Research Paper Example

80s Fashion Essay Research Paper Example 80s Fashion Essay Paper 80s Fashion Essay Paper 80s Fashion! For many, the 1980s was a great time. The creation of MTV revolutionised fashion, the music industry and even how we watched TV. But for others, it was nothing but bad hair, worse clothing and music often had more to do with machines than talent. The clothes worn in the 80s depicted people who were trying to find themselves. They looked fro ways to express their creativity and individuality. Men wore heavy make-up and grew long hair; for example David Bowie or Boy George. Whilst women wore layers of clothing and short hair cuts. The likes of Madonna and Cindy Lauper rocked this look. Both sexes were looking for an identity. Famous Fashion Trends In the 80s: New Romantic Look, Valley Girl, Power dressing, Leotards and Dance wear and Miami Vice Look were just a few famous trends that people in the eighties wore. New romantic Look: New Wave, New Romantic, and gothic fashion at this time was heavily influenced by punk fashion: the streaky eyeliner, the spiked hair, the outrageous clothing, some of which derived from bondage wear and some of which (New Romantic) was a nod to long-gone eras. Power Dressing: Shoulder Pads, popularised by Joan Collins and Linda Evans from the soap Opera Dynasty, remained popular throughout the 1980s and even the first three years of the 1990s. The reason behind the sudden popularity of shoulder pads for women in the 1980s may be that women in the workplace were no longer unusual, and wanted to power dress to show that they were the equals of men at the office. Many womens outfits had velcro on the inside of the shoulder where various sized shoulder pads could be attached. Leotards and Dance wear: Leotards had been a fashion trend since the early 1970s, when were first used to add colour and texture under the layered look popular in the middle of that decade. By the end of the decade leotards made from shiny spandex had become the standard feminine fashion of the disco era, partly for their form-fitting quality and the fact that they allowed flexibility and ease of movement. With the arrival of the aerobics craze of the early 1980s the classic leotard moved from the dance floor to the gym, accompanied by matching tights, Leg warmers and elastic headbands. Leotards of the early 1980s boasted bright stripes, polka dots, and even elastic belts.

The History of the BASIC Programming Language

The History of the BASIC Programming Language In the 1960s, computers ran on gigantic mainframe machines, requiring their special rooms with powerful air-conditioning to keep them cool. The mainframes received their instructions from punch cards by computer operators, and any instructions given to a mainframe required writing a new piece of software, which was the realm of mathematicians and nascent computer scientists.   BASIC, a computer language written at Dartmouth college in 1963, would change that. Beginnings of BASIC The language BASIC was an acronym for Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was developed by Dartmouth mathematicians John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtzas as a teaching tool for undergraduates. BASIC was intended to be a computer language for generalists to use to unlock the power of the computer in business and other realms of academia. BASIC was traditionally one of the most commonly used computer programming languages, considered an easy step for students to learn before more powerful languages such as FORTRAN. Until very recently, BASIC (in the form of Visual BASIC and Visual BASIC .NET) was the most widely known computer language among developers. The Spread of BASIC The advent of the personal computer was crucial to the success of BASIC. The language was designed for hobbyists, and as computers became more accessible to this audience, books of BASIC programs and BASIC games surged in popularity. In 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, the founding fathers of Microsoft,) wrote a version of BASIC for the Altair personal computer. It was the first product Microsoft sold. Later Gates and Microsoft wrote versions of BASIC for the Apple computer, and IBMs DOS which Gates provided came with its version of BASIC. The Decline and Rebirth of BASIC By the mid-1980s, the mania for programming personal computers had subsided in the wake of running professional software created by others. Developers also had more options, such as the new computer languages of C and C. But the introduction of Visual Basic, written by Microsoft, in 1991, changed that. VB was based on BASIC and relied on some of its commands and structure, and proved valuable in many small business applications. BASIC .NET, released by Microsoft in 2001, matched the functionality of Java and C# with the syntax of BASIC. List of BASIC Commands Here are some of the commands associated with the earliest BASIC languages developed at Dartmouth:   Ã‚  HELLO - log inBYE - log offBASIC - start BASIC modeNEW - name and begin writing a programOLD - retrieve a previously named program from permanent storageLIST - display the current programSAVE - save the current program in permanent storageUNSAVE - clear the current program from permanent storageCATALOG - display the names of programs in permanent storageSCRATCH - erase the current program without clearing its nameRENAME - change the name of the current program without erasing itRUN - execute the current programsSTOP - interrupt the currently running program

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - Essay Example In earlier times it was considered that the business is only responsible for the shareholders’ interest and other investors who have invested in the business but later on it was realized that business is not only responsible for its shareholders but each and every stake holder who is affected by the activities of the company (Sacconi, 2004, p.6). Corporate social responsibility is a broader concept as per which the corporate organizations has some responsibilities towards the society as a whole and therefore should practice ethical behavior and should also work towards the development of the society. This is a way of paying back to the society for the resources it has used and the environment in which it operates (Murthy, 2007, p.13). Thus Corporate Social responsibility can be described managing business responsibly (The world business organization, n.d, p.4). As per the OECD guidelines CSR activities should be such which through which the MNCs can contribute in economies and promote social welfare and sustainable environmental development in the countries in which they are operating such type of activities in turn will reduce the obstacles faced by the companies like agency problems in those areas (Heal, 2004, p.12). The corporate social responsibility helps the company in a number of ways. For example by following the CSR activities the company can reduce the risk at the same time it can reduce the wastage of scarce resources as the CSR guidelines will lay down the principles which will be followed to while working. CSR activities also helps the company to gain the brand equity as the companies who contributes towards the society are favored more and are respected everywhere. CSR also helps in increasing employees’ productivity and performance by promoting staff welfare (Heal, 2004, p.13-19). Thus by ensuring corporate social responsibility the companies can also improve their own performance. As per Mr. Gerald

Demand and Stores Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demand and Stores - Coursework Example Therefore, the average daily demand during lead time is equal to L ? AVG. The safety stock is determined scientifically and is applied with the average daily demand during lead time to ensure that there is an adequate supply of inventory is in stores to prevent a loss of sale due to stock-out. The safety stock, which is the minimum level to which stock is expected to fall, is represented by the formula: z ? STD ? vL It is expected that inventory will fall to this minimum level just before the order for Q is received. Immediately after the order for Q units is received the inventory will return to its maximum level but will be depleted over time based on the average daily demand (AVG). The reorder level depends on AVG which is reviewed continuously. When Q units are added to the safety stock the maximum inventory level is achieved. This inventory is depleted over time. Therefore, it is expected that the expected level of inventory before receiving the order is: z ? STD ? vL While the expected level of inventory immediately after receiving the order is: Q + z ? STD ? vL Solution to Question 2 The periodic review inventory replenishment policy requires that inventory be reviewed periodically at regular intervals and that an appropriate quantity is ordered so as to achieve the base stock level after each review. This level of inventory should be sufficient to cover demand during the review period (r) and the lead time (L), in order to prevent stock out before the next order arrives. This implies that the base-stock level includes the average demand during the combined interval of r + L which is: (r + L) ? AVG as well as the safety stock which is calculated as: z ? STD ? v(r+ L) According to Simchi-Levi et al (2008), the maximum inventory level is reached immediately after receiving an order while the minimum level of inventory is reached just before receiving the order. It is therefore very clear that the expected level of inventory after receiving an order is equa l to: r ? AVG + z ? STD ? v(r+ L) while, the level of inventory immediately before order arrives is: z ? STD ? v(r+ L) which is the safety stock. Solution to Question 3 The target service level defines the percentage of orders received that must be filled. A good criterion that can be used is price. The five products that I sell in my department store are: shoes, clothes, appliances, furniture, and food items. In order of target service level from lowest to highest they will be listed as follows: Furniture – more expensive than all other items, profit margin is low, volume is relatively low, demand variability and lead time is high. Appliances – less expensive than furniture but tend to be more expensive than all other items, profit margin is high compared to furniture, volume medium range, while both demand variability and lead time is relatively high Foot-wear – the profit margin is high, volume relatively high, demand variability is not as low as with clothes , and lead time is not as low as with clothes Clothes – the profit margin is high, volume relatively high, demand variability is also relatively low while lead time may not be as low as with food items. Food items – they are cheaper than all other items; the profit margin tend to be low but turnover rate and volume is high, both demand variability and lead time is generally low. According to Simchi-Levi (2008) the service level is generally higher for products with high profit margin, high volume, low variability

Portfolio of Learning Outcomes through Self Assessment

Portfolio of Learning Outcomes through Self Assessment This portfolio provides evidence of achieving learning outcomes. To provide this evidence I attended tutorials envisaging interactive methods and student cantered teaching strategies (Hinchcliff 2004), self-directed learning, group work and discussion. I also did further reading, utilizing library facilities, the cinnahl, Athens and other web sites available. To make this learning achievement possible I engaged in mentee / student relationship with the support and guidance of an approved mentor (NMC 2000). I chose this module due my interest in teaching. Since qualification, I have worked in specialist areas and have been actively involved in associate mentorship. I feel this module will be beneficial in my professional development and within the clinical areas, I choose to work. I have written this portfolio in first person (Webb 1992), as it is a reflective account, of experiences, thoughts and feelings, learning through critical analysis and evaluation. This kind of reflection enables us to take account of what has happened and to make sense of the outcome (Boud and Miller 1996). Many models of reflection may be used, Ghaye and Lilyman (2000) refer to structured models leading learners through stages and questions useful as a guide and others are flexible taking into account the reflective process and can start at different points then there is the focused model giving meaning to events improving practice. I have used an adaptation of the Reflective Cycle Model (Gibbs 1988) as it is simple and easy to interpret. Learning Outcomes 1. Assist students to identify current learning needs. ___ Self-assessment of current practice and identification of learning need(s) in relation to this outcome. Current practice: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Knowledgeable of student nurse curriculum. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Have a willingness and commitment to teach. My learning needs: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gain an understanding of the FDA programme. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Review and critically analyze literature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Critical reflection. Learning Outcome 1. Assist students to identify current learning needs. _____ Examples of evidence that could be provided by the end of the module to show how this outcome has been achieved. Produce evidence of placement learning opportunities suitable to meet the needs of specific students. Give at least one example of how you have helped the student to identify his/her learning needs, set goals and develop action plan for learning. ___________ Summary of Evidence for summative assessment of what you have achieved during the module. Cross- reference as appropriate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I obtained copies of Sandras job description and FDA Mentor Pack. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reviewed literature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Critical reflection. Description The vascular surgical ward I work encounters many Nursing, Medical, Foundation Degree Studies, National Vocational Qualification students and newly qualified nurses all needing support. I have been asked by Sandra a 2nd year FDA student to be her mentor to take on this role effectively I attended a meeting with Sandra and her Practice trainer. Through discussion, we were able to complete a negotiated learning contract documenting the learning and achievements Sandra had gained, outlining what her current learning needs were to devise an agreed action plan. Feelings I take my role seriously, committing myself in assisting and supporting junior colleagues and students. I am genuinely interested in their stage and level of learning and enjoy having an active role in their learning experience. Analysis I agree with Hincliffe (2004) that learning is seen as a change in behaviour that is brought about to enable enhanced care for patients/clients, an event from experience and practice causing relative permanent change in students behaviour. Curzon (1990) enhances this view considering learning as modification of behaviour through activities and experiences so that knowledge, skills, attitudes and process of adjustment to the learners environment is changed. Quinn (1995), Welsh and Swann (2004), and Nicklin and Kenworthey (1995) all have similar descriptions. A successful teacher has knowledge of different learning theories and learning processes using them as framework to base teaching maximizing opportunities of learning (McKenna 1995, Nicklin and Kenworthey 1995). Raynor and Riding (1997) and Snelgrove (2004) refer growing need for teachers to understand the learning process to facilitate individualized learning reducing academic failure. There are many different theories of learning mentioned within the literature (Hincliffe 2004, McKenna 1995 a/b/c, Nicklin and Kenworthey 1995, Welsh and Swann 2004), no single theory has all the answers, some theories view humans as extensions of the animal species, whereas others see humans as separate, distinct, with intellectual characteristics of their own (Nicklin and Kenworthey 1995). Early theories of behaviourism such as Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner used animals whose behaviour resulted from a stimulus. Much of the literature suggests that such learning is limited and has no real place in nursing education (Hincliffe 2004, McKenna 1995(c), Nicklin and Kenworthey 1995, Quinn 1995) yet I believe there are still situations where these theories are relevant but learning is limited. Curzon (1997) believes human behaviour is very different from that of animals questioning validity of behaviourism theories. Supporters acknowledge refinement of these works could shape intellectual development cognitivity being how we acquire information and what we need to know emotional responses learned in part by classical conditioning (Woolfork and Nicolick 1980). Lovell (1987) refers to emotional responses being positive or negative relating to Pavlovs theory. Repetition is useful in practice which relates to Thorndikes theory of trial and error (McKenna 1995a), but knowledge of the skill learnt is crucial. As teachers, we constantly use Skinners theory of positive and negative reinforcement, through praise and by giving information and cues prior to the task performed and by practising a skill repeatedly over till competent in practice (McKenna 1995a). Cognitive theories refer to meaningful approaches of learning, recognizing students knowledge, experience and stages of development. I believe that as a mentor it is my responsibility to establish these factors early in the student relationship (Andrew and Wallis 1999, Forrest 2004, Phillips et al 1994). I agree learning is a purposive process concerning perception, organization and insight. The learner actively seeks new information and uses past experience to gain understanding (Child 1986, Quinn 1995). Insightful learning occurs from modified experience or knowledge gaining new insight (Child 1986), the student relating to previous knowledge and experience to solve new problems. Experimental learning leads on from cognivitism; Allan and Jolley (1987) refer to learners becoming independent of their teachers eventually setting their own objectives initiating their learning using available resources and self-assessment. Burnard (1987) describes this as involving personal experience and reflection making sense of events transforming knowledge and meaning from them. I think Allan and Jolley (1987) are correct in saying that this type of learning is effective in demonstration and practice. Allan and Jolley (1987) also state that increased activity and involvement leads to increased learning. The Humanistic view is related to feelings and experience, including Maslow (1971) humanist approach cited in Wickliffe (2004), McKenna (1995c), Nicklin and Kenworthey (1995), Quinn (1995) and many more. The aim is to assist self-actualisation fulfilling maximum potential, this links closely to Knowles (1978) and Rogers (1983) works frequently cited within the literature (Burnard 1987, Mckenna 1995(c), Nicklin and Kenworthey 1995, Welsh and Swann 2000). I believe student centred approaches allow students to take active involvement in their learning enabling them to take ownership for it (Allan and Jolley 1987). Kauffman (2003) sees Knowles (1978) theory of andrology as a useful tool rather than a theory. Knowles acknowledges adult learners having vast ranges of experience, which they use as a basis for new learning, learning occurring through efforts made by the individual. Student and teachers need to treat each other as equals to allow student centred learning students taking responsibility and ownership of it (Bennett 2002, Hutchinson 2003 and Mckenna 1995(c). I agree that a partnership based on cooperation and interaction brings about mutual learning due to openness and trust (Atkins and Murphy 1995). I also agree with Ewan and White (1996) that it is important to know the students individual characteristics and needs being aware of the students current knowledge, competence and stage of training (Wickliffe 2004). A learning contract is a valuable tool (Calhoun et al 2000), utilizing optimum learning. It is a formal written agreement between the student and mentor specifying what needs to be done to achieve the students learning outcomes. Regular formative discussion enables skills and us to get to know each other allowing me to establish the students stage of training, previous experience. Regular discussions are necessary as part of the learning process (Cahill 1996) as through discussion we can identify strengths, weaknesses and any problems encountered by the student, measuring the level of competence revising our initial plan to achieve the rest of the students outcomes which utilises the student centred approach. Action Plan I need to hold frequent discussions with Sandra to monitoring her progress effectively promoting active involvement and ownership. I am aware that an effective mentor/student relationship enhances the level of learning accomplished to make this possible we need to have significant contact involving us to arrange our off-duty to make sure we frequently work together. Learning Outcomes 2. Develop self-awareness in order to be a role model. __________ Self-assessment of current practice and identifications of learning need(s) in relation to this outcome. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acknowledge that self-awareness is important. I am knowledgeable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is my professional responsibility to provide best care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is my responsibility to be good role model. My Learning Needs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gain greater awareness of how others view me. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Further reading. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Become self aware through reflection. Learning Outcome 2. Develop self-awareness in order to be a role model. _____________ Example of Evidence Recognize the impact of own professional behaviour and actions on students learning. _____________ Summary of Evidence summative assessment of what you have achieved during the module Cross-reference as appropriate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Understand others views gaining insight of how Im seen. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Now familiar with the terms self-awareness and role model. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Critically reflected, becoming increasingly self aware of my actions. Description As an E grade, I have a responsibility for junior colleagues and student nurses and am involved in their learning and teaching. I am competent and skilled trying to act in a professional manner at all times. Feedback from my colleagues and students shows Im respected and liked but at times of stress, I can come across as harsh and abrupt not tolerating fools gladly. Feelings I am proud of my achievements and think I am a good role model but am aware that I can be abrupt on occasions. . Analysis The former U.K.C.C (2000) standards for preparation of teachers of nursing and midwifery state clearly that as nurse I must be a good role model enabling me to build effective relationships with patients and clients and contributing to an environment in which effective practice is maintained ensuring safe and effective care through assessment and management. Nursing relies on clinical staff to support and teach rationale being the student learns from an expert in a safe, supportive and educationally adjusted environment (Andrews and Wallis 1999). As a senior nurse students and junior colleagues see me as a role model. Students see a good mentor as someone who teachers, guides and assesses having a genuine interest in student learning (Andrews and Chilton 2000, Gray and Smith 2000, Neary 2000). Good role models are knowledgeable and skilful professionals who are respected and trusted. Taylor (1997) suggests novices copy or imitate professionals modelling themselves on nurses with varying standards of practice, observation being an important part of their learning. Spouse (2001) small longitudinal study utilised various data collection methods that found evidence of students observing and relating to actions and behaviours they believed as good. My actions evidenced by tone of voice, comments made and enthusiasm and interest shown have an impact on learning, inappropriate behaviour is noticed and at worst copied because the learner see it as acceptable to do so. Findings of this study would be more valid and a claim made stronger if repeated on a grander scale literature supports these findings. Banduras (1977) theory of social learning and vicarious conditioning (cited by Mckenna 1995) involves this observation of behaviours and consequences of this to the learner this theory differs from others, as learning is instant therefore role modelling can be highly effective and positive or destructive. Self-awareness is being aware of what is taking place in oneself learning experience and self-concept changing over time as we see ourselves in many different roles influenced by others and the media (Quinn 1995). Reflection of events and actions increases self-awareness giving insight of behaviour and response enabling us to examine relationships with others in the practical and social setting. Haddock and Bassett (1997) suggest that use this in self-management and improvement. To be a self-aware practitioners we need to reflect on the way we come across to others implementing required changes (Stuart 2003). Self is as all thoughts, feelings and experiences of an individual, arising from biological and environmental influence. It is the way individuals see and feel about themselves (Quinn 1995). The major resource that a helper brings to the relationship is himself, the more complete his understanding of himself, the greater his capacity for self awareness and more effective he will be as a counsellor Nicklin and Kenworthey pg 120. Self-awareness also implies to individuals being aware of their limits of knowledge and ability reflected by the individual partaking in further training or seeking help from experienced colleagues. Quinn (1995) and Burnard (1990) refer to two main ways we can be self aware, introspection and feedback from others. Introspection is looking within oneself and attempts to recognize own feelings and reactions, this is not easy and can cause feelings of discomfort and fright but allows identification of our emotions good and bad assessing their impact. Palmer (2001) states a highly developed sense of self worth comes about within a person who can identify his/her emotions, learning to manage and contain them when inappropriate. Being self-aware give insight of what we can change. Feedback is a way of seeing how others see us, ability to give and receive constructive feedback is a skill; being told how you are perceived is hard but thought provoking. Crewe (2004) relates to research of the Duval and Auckland theory (1972), based on two distinct forms of conscious attention, attention focusing outwards towards the environment or inward towards oneself. The person receives and perceives feedback from the environment regarding their behaviours and attitudes. Perception of approval from others can increase confidence and self-esteem while perception of disdain or negative evaluation can have the opposite effect. Objective self-awareness is an individual being aware of the personal characteristics that distinguish them from the majority; the focus is exclusively on the self. Conclusion/ Action Plan I was not fully aware of my impact on others. It is critical for me to be conscious of my level of patience taking great care not to react negatively in times of stress, or when students or colleague fail to progress (Borgess and Smith 2004) as this can cause great harm to the learner. Learning Outcomes 3/6/7 Develop, maintain, and evaluate an environment for learning in your area of practice. Self-assessment of current practice and identification of learning need(s) in relation to this outcome. Current Practice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Have interest and commitment in teaching. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Im friendly and approachable supporting students in their learning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Orientate students to environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participate in assessment with formative feedback. My Needs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase awareness of what contributes to a good and bad learning environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be involved in educational placement audit. Learning Outcome 3/6/7. Develop, maintain and evaluate an environment for learning in your area of practice. Examples of Evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Produces evidence of placement learning opportunities/resources suitable for meeting needs of specific students. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Give examples of how you create and sustain an environment for learning. Summary of Evidence for summative assessment of what you have achieved during the module. Cross-reference as appropriate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater awareness of what contributes to a good learning environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I try to maintain adequate supervision and liaise with colleagues regarding my students progress. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attend courses and study days for my personal development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Students always have a designated Mentor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There is a ward philosophy of care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Students have access to the internet, journals, pt notes and policies/procedures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Students attend spokes placements attached to the ward area, and have opportunities to spend time in theatre watching relevant procedures. Description Patients are admitted onto my ward from electoral and urgency lists or via A+E for vascular assessment, procedures or surgery. Wound care and management is a large part of our role as well as patient education and discharge planning. Feelings I feel this ward environment offers a lot of learning opportunities to students and new staff but has high patient demands, reduced staffing and skill mix due to high levels of sickness effecting team spirit and morale, which has a huge impact on our ability to teach, directly affecting the learning of students and junior colleagues. Analysis Finding a description of a clinical learning environment is not easy due to a complexity of numerous factors involved. Quinn (1995) uses holistic description, a broad definition referring to all factors influencing quality and effectiveness of a learning environment, Chan (2001) description is similar relating to the learning environment as a multidimensional entity with interactive networks of forces that can affect the learners learning outcomes. Literature cites numerous studies concerning social support for students and nursing staff. These studies include Fretwell (1982) and (1985), Lewin and Leach (1982), Ogier (1982) and Orton (1981) conclusively identify quality relationships between trained staff and students and support being crucial in creating a positive learning environment (Cahill 1996, Chan 2001, Saarikoski and Leino-Kilpi 2002). All studies conclude that an important determinant of an effective learning environment is the managers organisational and leadership style. Highly structured wards with rigid task allocation and hierarchical systems unlikely to meet the learning needs of students and staff (Chan 2001). It identified throughout the studies that team spirit, humanistic approach to students learning and teaching and learning support are influential factors of an effective ward setting. The frequent references to these studies show that their findings are seen as valid even though all were small sized. I believe team spirit comes from working as a team, best achieved through encouragement of the ward manager (Welsh and Swann 2002) giving a sense of group pride and self-esteem for all staff. We need to make students feel part of this team so that they feel accepted having a sense of belonging (Chan 2001, Quinn 1995 and Spencer 2003). A team approach with an appropriate leadership style on the part of the manager creates fertile ground for the development of an appropriate learning climate. (Welsh and Swann 2002 pg 117) Studies carried out post Project 2000 explored more in depth themes and perceptive related to the clinical learning environment and clinical supervision (Wilson and Barnett et al 1995) the meaning of nursing care and the teaching activities of nurses explored also. Saarikowski and Leino-Kilpi (2002) felt these studies demonstrated transition of individualised supervision and the role of the mentor. I agree with Lambert and Glacken (2004) that ward managers are no longer able to dedicate time to teaching due to managerial demands, therefore nurses now have this overall responsibility for teaching. Mentorship is favoured in facilitating learning (Chow and Suen 2001). Watson (2000) acknowledges that mentors need education and training to function effectively in this demanding role with preparation mentors are able to create opportunities for students identifying experiences that meet individual learning needs. Studies by Cahill (1996), Darling (1984), Earnshaw (1995), Hart and Rotem (1994) (cited by Chan 2001) and Spouse (2001) are again small sized but all use similar methods of valid and reliable data collection. The common theme throughout these studies is personal characteristics of the mentor, which include approachability, interpersonal skills, interest learning and teaching and supervision and support. These studies relate to students perspectives of the learning environment and mentorship, most of the findings viewing mentorship in a positive light and find it beneficial in reducing the theory practice gap for students. Staff attitudes and behaviour, the need of the student to belong and level of mentor contact highlighted throughout. Mentors need to make time for the student so that they can practice, develop and learn to be a nurse (Spouse 2002). Phillips et al study (1994) was of a larger scale, carried out throughout Wales commissioned by the D.O.H., a two-year research project concerned with the implications and impact of mentorship. This had qualitative and quantitative methodology information gathered through questionnaires, diary accounts, interviews and observation again the key elements of mentorship surrounded mentor/student relationships. Evidence of teaching, organisation of experiences consolidated with feedback and discussion that aided and enhanced the students experience. Significant mentor contact seen to directly affect activities students are involved in, this contact essential for building rapport needed in a good working relationship. Mentor presence provides emotional support to students allowing gentle introduction into the different and a difficult experience that exist and is crucial to students well being and learning potential, reducing anxiety (Jowett et al 1992). Feeling useful and part of a team are other important aspects. Chan (2001) and Welsh and Swann (2002) relate to this but feel that the students role needs to be understood acknowledged and clarified to prevent them being used as a pair of hands. Studies that concern nurses perspective of the learning environment and mentorship (Andrews 1993, Atkins and Williams 1995 and Rogers and Lawton 1995) highlight barriers of effective mentorship due to lack of time, inadequate planning and role conflict. Lambert and Glacken (2004) also view inadequate staffing, poor skill mix, lack of support and training of staff and poor management structure as barriers that reduce learning potential. Phillips et al study (1994) reflects the findings of Jowett et al (1992) which I agree that in clinical area where demands for care are high and resources stretched it is difficult to give adequate support and supervision to the junior student. When I am in charge of the ward, I am less involved in direct care of patients and have difficulty working closely with the student. Action Plan I need to liaise with my colleagues closely to make them aware of my students learning needs so that constant supervision and constructive support and feedback is ongoing when I am not available or am engaged in ward coordination. This will enable my student to be increasingly involved in the nursing team learning skills appropriate to their training preventing them feeling neglected, used or ignored. ________________ Learning Outcomes 4. Create and develop opportunities for students to learn, utilising evidence-based practice. _________________ Self-assessment of current practice and identification of learning need(s) in relation to this outcome. Current Practice. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Awareness of constant changes within nursing and medicine that initiates change. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I am familiar of protocols, standards and procedures regarding nursing intervention based on evidence-based practice. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I back up my teaching with evidence based on experience or acknowledged research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attend attending Pain Nurse Link meetings and wound care sessions providing me with current evidence for practice. Needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To develop skills of critical analyse, systematic review and evaluation of research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Review literature increasing my awareness of this topic. Learning Outcomes 4. Create and develop opportunities for students learning of utilising evidence-based practice. _____________ Examples of Evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Produce evidence of the ability to meet own learning needs in relation to the facilitation of learning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Give Examples of how you have identified and facilitated individuals or groups to learn. _____________ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reviewed and critically analysed the literature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I am increasingly aware of the importance of evidence-based practice. Description I have gained a great deal of experience throughout my career, which I use within my clinical practice and teaching. My knowledge has developed through practice, study sessions relevant to my area, advice of specialist nurses, reading journals and following clinical guidelines, standards and protocols that I encourage students to read. Students invited to attend relevant wound care updates and to spend time with many of our specialist nurses. Feelings I already base most of my practice on evidence but need to participate in literature reviews and develop skills to analyse and scrutinise research findings. Analysis I believe evidence-based nursing is a process in which nurses base clinical decisions using the best available evidence (The University of Minnesota 2005). The Editorial (1997) defines evidence-based practice as giving quantitative and qualitative meaning to a cause, course, diagnosis, treatment and economics of health problems managed by us nurses including quality assurance and continuing professional development which maintains and enhancing knowledge, expertise and competence to give best care (cited by Hincliffe 2002 pg 11). Curzio (1997) views it as the bridge between theory and practice agreed by White (1997) agrees with this suggesting it links personal intuition research and practice providing nurses with greater knowledge to base their care, our clinical decision-making and teaching must be based on evidence, expertise and highly importantly patients preference as referred to by Hincliffe (2002). The aims of evidence-based practice/nursing ensuring patients receive up to date care based on up to date knowledge. As we develop skill inquiry, we become more knowledgeable in our profession that improves standards of care (Hincliffe 2002). I agree with Welsh and Swann (2002) that there is a need for well-informed nurses using initiative, effective communication and clinical reasoning skills so that informed decisions are made through critical analysis of evidence available especially due to the constant changes within the NHS. The government introduced a framework of clinical governance in an attempt to achieve national clinical effectiveness within the NHS to guarantee quality services for patients and clients a key component being evidence-based practice. Behi (2000) states clinical governance requires every professional to use evidence-based practice. The New NHS: Modern, Dependable (D.O.H 1997), The Drive for Clinical Effectiveness (D.O.H 1996) and A First Class Service: Quality in the NHS (D.O.H 1998) shows quality improvements at the forefront of the NHS agenda. The NHS National Service Knowledge and Skills Framework (Hincliffe 2002 McSherry and Haddock 1999 and Welsh and Swann 2002) development tool promoting effectiveness through quality, staff and service development linking current and future research activity. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (N.I.C.E) is responsible for assessment of technologies and for producing guidelines and the Commission for Health Improvement (C.H.I.M.P) monitors quality of services at a local level and ensure organisations are fulfilling their responsibility for clinical governance Health Care Organisations accountable for quality of services they provide, Chief Executives carry ultimate responsibility. The government also provides funding essential for research activity. Spector (2004) refers to evidence-based practice as being rigorous and time-consuming involving selection of all research done in an area, analysis and synthesis developing integrative reviews termed within the literature as a systematic or meta-analysis reviews (Renfrew 1997, University of Minnesota 2005). Completed reviews are available to taking some of the pressure of us; the Cochrane database has a wide range of these. Behi (2000) and Mcsherry and Haddock (1999) relate to clinical practice standards and guidelines produced by the N.M.C, R.C.N and local Health Authorities systematic review, recommendations and policy statements based on best evidence agreed by experts. There are also systematic reviews published in research journals and by the National Clearing House. Clinical appraisal is crucial in ensuring practice is evidenced based involving asking a clinical question related to practice and finding the research and literature to answer it, appraising evidence and deciding on its relevance and validity before applying findings to practice and evaluating effectiveness (Behi 2000 and McSherry and Haddock 1999). Castledeine (2003) refers to this as a three-stage process producing the

Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen date of birth is uncertain; it was concluded that she may have been was born in 1098 at Bermersheim bei Alzey (Bockelheim, Germany) in the diocese of Mainz. She was raised in a family of free noble; her parents were Hildebert and Mechtilide who came from a Germany education. Hildegard was born the tenth child (a tithe) to a noble family. As was customary with the tenth child, whom the family could not count on feeding, she was dedicated at birth to the church to serve the church, to be a medieval prophet, a healer, an artist and a composer. Hildegard explains that from a very young age she had experienced visions. At the age of eight Hildegard was sent to a convent and was raised and educated at Disibodenberg. Some scholars speculate that because of her visions, she was placed in the care of Jutta, the daughter of Count Stephan II of Sponheim. Hildegard says that she first saw â€Å"The Shade of the Living Light† at the age of three and by the age five she began to understand that she was experiencing visions. In Hildegard’s youth, she referred to her visionary gift as her viso. She explained that she saw all things in the light of God through the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary. During the twenty four years when Jutta and Hildegard were in the convent together, there is no written record of what happened during these times. It is possible that Hildegard could have been a chantress and a worker in the herbarium. Hildegard also tells us that Jutta taught her to read and write, but that she was unlearned and therefore incapable of teaching Hildegard Biblical interpretation. Hildegard and Jutta most likely prayed, meditated, read scriptures such as the Psalter, and did some sort of handwork during the hours of the Divine Office. This also might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery. Volmar, a frequent visitor, may have taught Hildegard simple psalm notation. The time she studied music could also have been the beginnings of the compositions she would later create. Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen – Sante Fe: Bear and Company, 1985) Upon Jutta's death in 1136, Hildegard was unanimously elected as â€Å"magistra† of her sister community by her fellow nuns. Abbot Kuno, the Abbot of Disibodenberg, also asked Hildegard to be Prioress. Hildegard, however, wanted more independence for herself and her nuns and asked Abbot Kuno to allow them to move to Rupertsberg. When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz. Abbot Kuno did not relent, however, until Hildegard was stricken by an illness that kept her paralyzed and unable to move from her bed, an event that she attributed to God's unhappiness at her not following his orders to move her nuns to Rupertsberg. It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery. Hildegard and about twenty nuns thus moved to the St. Rupertsberg monastery in 1150, where Volmar served as provost, as well as Hildegard's confessor and scribe. In 1165 Hildegard founded a second convent for her nuns at Eibingen. (Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen – Sante Fe: Bear and Company, 1985) Hildegard did not manifest the visions until when she was in her early forties. The church did not allow women to sing; however, women were permitted to compose music for convents. Hildegard of Bingen was one such woman who wrote sacred music for choirs in convents. Not only did Hildegard compose music for church choirs, but she also wrote pieces of music that could be performed outside of the church, otherwise known as secular music. She began to have the symbolic and didactic visions for which she became famous. At first she did not write any of her visions down but then when she fell gravely ill she blamed it on the fact that she was not revealing her visions. After consulting with the Pope and St Bernard of Clairvaux she began to write her visions down, in the Scivas. Archbishop Heinrich convinced Hildegard to share her visions and believed them to be a gift from God. Pope Eugenis III sent a commission to investigate Hildegard’s vision and obtain a copy of her writings. Pope Eugenis III read Hildegard’s visions in front of the synod that all believed them to be true. The Pope sent Hildegard a letter of approval, authorizing her to continue transcribing her visions. The result of this was to ratify Hildegard’s visionary gift. Hildegard was not just restricted to religious life but she was also an abbess, mystic, poet, musician and scientist. (German Mysticism-Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993) She had a very hard and productive life. She become very well known and wrote many songs and books, many of which are still read today. She made a large contribution to society at her time overcoming whatever problems faced her. Hildegard used a large variety of parables, metaphors, symbols, visionary imagery and non-verbal means to make her work reach out to many who are totally deaf to more standard approaches. She felt that everyone deserved the right to learn about her work, especially the visions she was receiving from God, even though they may have physical or mental disadvantages. Throughout her life, she continued to have many visions, and in 1141, at the age of 42, Hildegard received a vision she believed to be an instruction from God, to â€Å"write down that which you see and hear. † Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill. The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations. In her first theological text, â€Å"Know the Ways†. (The letters of Hildegard of Bingen – Oxford University Press, 1994) Hildegard describes her struggle within. But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct the nun Richardis von Stade and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing. While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close though just barely in ten years. (Hildegard von Bingen, Mystical Visions) And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places. And again I heard a voice from Heaven saying to me, ‘Cry out therefore, and write thus Hildegard's vivid description of the physical sensations which accompanied her visions has led neurologist (and popular author) Oliver Sacks to speculate that they were symptoms of migraine, in particular because of her description of light. Sacks argue that the illuminations that appear in Hildegard's manuscripts confirm that Hildegard suffered from negative scotoma. (Hildegard von Bingen- Mystical Visions) After taking up her role as Superior of the community of nuns, Hildegard became convinced she should no longer remain silent about what she experienced in the Living Light. She heard a voice that addressed her: â€Å"0 frail human formed from the dust of the earth, ashes from ashes, cry out and proclaim the beginning of undefiled salvation! Let those who see the inner meaning of Scripture, yet do not wish to proclaim or preach it, take instruction, for they are lukewarm and sluggish†¦. Therefore pour out a fountain of abundance, over-flow with mysterious learning, so that those who want you to be despicable on account of Eve's transgression may be overwhelmed by the flood of your profusion. † (Hildegard von Bingen-Mystical Visions) Matthew Fox, the founder of creation spirituality, while he examined her writings and explored some of her teachings through a series of meditations. He described her as being a strong, feminine figure, revered by the New Age, who are attracted by her theology, with its emphasis on the harmony of the created world and its relation to God. At about the same time musicologists and historians of science and religion began to study her and the past ten years have seen a proliferation of books and academic studies on her life and work. There are films and videos about her, societies, colloquia and conferences in her name. She is also taken seriously as a musician, and the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians gives her nearly six pages.